i. The gift replaces her reminding the family that she has left her people yet she is not dead. Factors contributing to harmony and mutual responsibility in African communities. There are two main types of leisure: (1) Passive leisure: This is where there is minimal use of physical energy. - Life also progress from one stage to another. e. In certain communities pregnant women and children are not allowed to go near touch the corpse to avoid misfortunes. There is no bride price in our society. Third, certain distinguishing personal names. Importance of courtship 1. Dr. Mwizenge S. Tembo There is no proper dosage of the herbs. Spirit of sharing: In African Traditional Community there is the spirit of sharing of resources among the members of a community e.g. d. If it is a man, the wife is supposed to stay around the corpse among them show clearly she would miss the husband. To protect the child from evil eyes. ii. DEATH RITES When a person dies, members of the family gather at the home of the deceased and leave their everyday commitments for a while. Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life. 5. People like politicians and students consult medicine men to succeed in the careers. They are senior members of the community. Meanwhile, the husband works under his father-in-laws orders with other young son-in-laws.26 A matrilocal family of this kind forms the nucleus of a village community (umushi) which other relatives of the head of the family afterwards join.27, Polygamy or polygyny, which is a distinguishing feature in many traditional African families especially is patrilineal and patriarchal societies, is uncommon among the matrilineal Bemba. LeVine, R.A., Patterns of Personality in Africa, in Responses to Change: Society, Culture and Personality. What is significant about the various descriptions of the traditional African family is that they are from back in the period before the 1940s and in case of the Baganda from the late 1800s. This paper aims at tackling the change in the anthropological view of marriage and kinship ties in the society. 2. They lead people to communal prayer in time of crisis. It gives the couple time to study the character of the partner and find out if he or she is the best. Establishing that traditional Kenyan culture and custom was supportive of high fertility in no way establishes how strongly held are these practices today or how quickly they may change as the socioeconomic basis of the real day-to-day society changes. Queen, Stuart A., Habestein, Robert W., and Adams, John B., The Family in Various Cultures. Majority of women today give birth in hospitals. 3. There are serious cases of misuse of leisure in the form of; - Watching and reading pornographic literature. 5. 7. (New York: The Free Press, 1963.) 7 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Habenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures, (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961) Ch. Still, traditional families such as those in Family Ties and The Cosby Show dominated the ratings. Those who abuse sex are heavily punished. - Thankfulness. Removal of teeth. Rites of passage: These are ceremonies that are performed to a group of people to mark important stages of life. (East Lansing, Michigan State University, 1980) p.11 Unpublished M.A. 4. In the late and early 19th century, a detailed study conducted among the Baganda found that, Polygyny, the type of marriage in which the husband has plural wives, is not only the preferred but the dominant form of marriage for the Baganda.8 Commoners had two or three, chiefs had dozens, and the Kings had hundreds of wives. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd., 1971. Each stage has its own features, some of which are perhaps peculiar to the Baganda customs and system of socialization in their traditional family pattern. (Lusaka: Nalinga Consultancy/Sol-Consult A/S Limited, 1989), 38 Lucy P. Mair, African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life, Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p. 126. In the western culture, marriage results in permanent bonds between the couple, with centrally assigned sexual rights among the couple and parenthood responsibility. The author obtained his B.A in Sociology and Psychology at University of Zambia in 1976, M.A, Ph. The author describes the interaction between the Baganda mother and her baby as unfavorable and lacking any affection or love. The kinships are based on two broad aspects 1) Birth (Blood relationships) 2) marriages. among the Luos a person who comes out with the placenta would be called Obiero or Awino. Tembo, Mwizenge S., A Sociological Analysis of the African Personality Among Zambian Students. At times girls could be given to repay debts. iii. The children learn the customs, beliefs, and culture pertaining to the social roles of being a woman, mother, and wife for girls; and a man, father, and husband for boys. As Eaton et al (2003) found in South Africa, for young people struggling for daily survival, protection from possible future illness may be a lower priority than meeting immediate economic needs. Measures that are taken to make sure virginity is preserved i).Virginity is highly valued and a girl is meant to preserve her virginity until marriage. f. The grave is dug in a special place e.g. 4. They have the ability to foretell what would happen in the future. But rather the matrilocal extended family comprised of a man and his wife, their married daughters, son-in-laws, and their children. 1. Today marriage is for companionship and it is considered to be complete even if there are no children. The attitude of the parents towards the sex of the child is also changing. People nowadays try to show their loyalty to state and not the society. - The naming of the child takes place some days after birth. ELDERS They are people who are elderly in society. There are meteorologists who predict the weather conditions. It symbolizes the union between the living and the dead. 42 Yizenge A. Chondoka, Traditional Marriages in Zambia: A Study in Cultural History. 4. In this system, all brothers of the father are called father, all sisters of the mother are called mother, all their children brother and sister. They also do the work of advisors e.g. For example, when a man dies among the Baganda, his power over the property ends. This explains why the family household included servants, female slaves, and their children. Many people today acquire Christian names. It is also a sign of acceptance of the children into the new family. Some people believe casting of an evil eye would cause bodily harm to somebody. Where as chiefs have a number of wives, it is very rare to find ordinary men who have more than one wife. 1967. This may be due to urbanization and economic constraints. b. In traditional African society this entails a bride-exchange in form of cattle, services, foodstuffs, family ties, or other expressions of the marriage contract. - An orphan is a child whose both parents are dead. 12. The mothers bring children of both sexes with the umbilical cords carefully kept after birth. The traditional healers are still important today especially to those who had let down by medicine prescribed by doctors. - They negotiate for peace in time of war with another community. It gives the mans family time to prepare for the dowry payment. Changes that have affected land ownership - Today its a requirement by the government that one must possess a land title deed. Kinship refers to the relationships between people. However, both the organization of the family unit, marriage, decent systems and the structure of kinship relations vary from society to society and through time (Ingiabuna et al. the outcome of a war 5. The degree of relatedness to the caregiver and socio-economic status of the fostering household were the strongest determinants of the well-being of children in kinship care. 6. Which factors have led to the weakening of kinship ties in Kenya today? It shapes such daily experiences as how and where individuals live, how they interact with the people around them, and even, in some cases, whom they marry. It offers a general survey of the geographical environments they inhabited; their settlements, social structures and economies; and their religions and cultures. Although children are our main focus, we have a holistic approach to the problem . Western Culture: Has provided the spirit of individualization. Significance of dowry payment The custom of paying personal gifts to the brides people is practiced all over Africa sometimes referred to as Bride wealth or Bride price. - They counsel and guide the youth on matters of sex and marriage Why guiding and counseling was done by elders 1. During initiation the young adults are taught matters relating to sex and adulthood. a. GAZETTE: How have ancestors . ii. It is a sign of belonging to the society or identification. For this reason, the paper serves only as an introduction to the application of Christian 1. After initiation, one has the right to marry. Often only Kings, chiefs and men who had wealth could afford it. - The wife or orphans sometimes get mistreated. Children are attached to and cared for by many adults, including grandparents, aunties, uncles and older siblings [29064] [28917]. The degree of relatedness of carer to the child, socio-economic status of fostering households, gender and age were identified as factors contributing to the well-being of children in kinship care. The education provided is a lifelong process. 8. Lecture: Nexus kinship and blood has a taste if age-old ideologies. Hotel Hope Ministries is a fully registered South African non-profit organisation established with aim of ensuring that each and every child is brought up in a safe, happy and healthy home so that they can grow up and develop into responsible and positive adults. v. Polygamy is encouraged for sexual satisfaction for men. Names are also given in honor of ancestors. v. The land was believed to belong to the ancestors and nobody was allowed to sell or lease it out without the consent of the other members of the family. The paternal grandmothers drop the cords into a can, which contains beer, milk, and water. It symbolized death and resurrection. - Life is also considered to be more precious and highly valued. - Children made marriage complete. They act as intermediaries between God and human beings. What are the 6 kinship systems? It could also show how the bridegroom is capable of taking care of the bride. But this is not an independent nuclear family unit. Characteristics of African community 1. The purpose of sex is purely for procreation hence this discouraged sex before marriage. iv. This helps to control peoples behaviors. Marriage ceremonies brought people together as they came together to rejoice. Circumcision is carried out at times in hospitals for health reasons. vi. Adams, Bert N., The Family: A Sociological Interpretation, 4th Edition, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1986. - Playing football - Wresting - Beer drinking - Wedding ceremonies - Riddles - Folktales - Tongue twisters Today several changes have affected leisure activities. Explain the importance of Kinship in traditional African society african cultural and moral values 1 Answer 0 votes answered Aug 9, 2021 by anonymous Control social relationships in community of people related by blood and marriage Bind whole community hence social cohesion Makes people live in harmony/ peace Promotes mutual responsibility and help The wishes of parents and the dead were honored. (Lusaka: Nalinga Consultancy/Sol-Consult A/ S Limited, 1989) p.97, 46 R.A. LeVine. - Different communities have different rules on where the delivery should take place. Almost 30% of all single-parent families headed by women are officially poor. Communal worship prayers are offered to God to thank Him for whatever he has done. In difficult times such as during famine, those who have share what they have with their relatives. - Patriotism. - Marriage ensures that children are not born outside wedlock. If there is agreement, this marks the beginning of courtship period. 2. Some scholars have suggested that this arrangement might be fraught with potential social problems and conflict.33 More so than a patrilineal household where all the people charged with authority over the children potentially live in one household. Human society is unique, he argues, in that we are "working with the same raw material as exists in the animal world, but [we] can conceptualize and categorize it to 11. in some communities it is thrown to uncultivated land to show fertility. 1975. For example, in debt and marriage obligations. These relationships which are described in this way are rituals of respect between a son-in-law and his mother-in-law, a daughter-in-law and her father-in-law. Patterns of Personality in Africa, in Responses to Change: Society, Culture and Personality. Traditional African society. - In others the bridegroom and its party have to fight the brides party in order to get her. There are basically eight primary kinswife father son, father daughter mother son, wife; father son, father daughter, mother son, mother daughter; brother sister; and younger brother/sister older brother/sister. 7. 2. false T/F: Female slaves generally worked outdoors while male slaves did domestic work. These views were expressed before 1930s and as late as 1960s. a person born during locusts invasion can be called Adede among the luo. 6. One could also die due to breaking a taboo in such instances elders would identify the offender and perform an act of cleansing. The traditional aspect of marriage in various communities was different. A curse by the community. This review finds that parental care remains the best care setting and should be highly encouraged within African society. Many people have migrated to towns where people come from different backgrounds. 7. Factors that have affected Kinship system 1. 6. Large tracts of land 4 Large herds of cattle. 2. The continuance of Aboriginal society is dependent on keeping Aboriginal families strong and healthy both physically and culturally. She organizes the disposal of the placenta (after birth). Power and authority in matrilineal societies ultimately lies in the woman and her brother. - Attending discos and nightclubs. - Children born out of marriage inherit their parents property. They are consulted in cases where western medicine has failed. fellow Christians. (Buffalo: Amulefi Publishing Company, 1980). They at times suffer from loneliness and psychological problems How the aged are taken care of today 1. Matrilineality is the major influence in what children learn and come to accept about their society. Bride wealth has lost its original meaning and has been commercialized. They are also given special instructions that prepare them for marriage life. 3. They affect all aspects of Africa, including care, marriages, and social status, since kinship controls people's relationships, moral values, and attitudes. - There are rites of passage that one has to undergo. In some instances a go between would be used to identify a suitable partner. 26 Audrey I. Richards, Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers. He was a Lecturer and Research Fellow at the Institute of African Studies of the University of Zambia from 1977 to 1990. The youth are taught to be courageous in order to be able to face challenges in life e.g. vi. Some are circumcised when they are still infants. Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p.1, 10 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Habenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures. iii. A change in attitude towards joint family is evident among the urban educated persons. Would provide medical care e.g. 12 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Havenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures. 3. The midwives perform the following:- 1. - It is against Christian teaching on circumcision because God instructed Abraham to circumcise male descendants - It lowers the dignity of the individual (dehumanizing) - One can contract dangerous diseases such as HIV and AIDS. Once the negotiations are over then dowry payment would begin. Economy e.g. 6. Many people spend their leisure time watching videos, Television and films, Certain leisure activities such as soccer have been turned into well-paying professions. They also lead the community in offering sacrifices to God. 7. They are important because they have a lot of experience. The moral values learnt include:- -Obedience/loyalty. Some reflect the condition of weather or season at the time of birth. IV, pp.66-87. Urbanization: Those who move away from home to towns in search of Jobs are drawn from their ancestral homes. - Courage. Kinship systems provide each person with a defined role (based on age, gender, and other factors), and serve to link people via duties of care [35856]. Death -The rites or ceremonies conducted on such occasions differ from one community to another. How the widows and orphans are supported - Church members offer them guidance and counseling (giving them hope) - They are prayed for. Those who are related by blood include - Brothers - Sisters - Aunts - Uncles - Parents - Cousins - Grandparents By marriage include Wife/ husband Others are referred to as in-laws - Kinship also includes all the living and any given locality. Urbanization has undermined the role of of the elders as it becomes difficult for elders to operate as the people come from different backgrounds. 28-39. 47 Mwizenge S. Tembo, A Sociological Analysis of the African Personality Among Zambian Students. The African notion of "family," by contrast, typically refers to the extended family system. Modern education and western culture has affected dowry payment in that many educated attach little value to dowry payment. Severing the ties of kinship is among the body sins and it is among the major sins. Kinship is reckoned through blood and betrothal (engagement and marriage). MARRIAGE This is the third rite that an individual is expected to go through in life. - Diviners are people who are believed to have the ability to reveal hidden things by use of magical powers Role of mediums and diviners in the societies i. Mediums link the living, spirits and the ancestors. 9 J.A. Marriage involves much more than just the bride.37, This author would further argue that among the African people that are conductors, participants, and are actors in these marriages, the concept buy, purchase a wife or bride does not exist. - In some communities, marriage is not recognized without children. ix. The San society in general and the kinship system in particular are very different from contemporary American society. For example, in the polygynous African family, like among the Baganda, and many others, your fathers wives and brothers were not just mothers and fathers just as mere kinship terms. It can determine a person's political identity and the way money and property are transferred. 6. ii. Life is seen to begin from the time of conception since unborn children are taken as part of the community. What role did religion play in medieval Africa communities? Depending on the region and the people, these. The contention that questions the existence of African traditional society and culture has been clearly beyond reasonable doubt asserted to agreement however there are presences of constraints towards the flourishing of these societies as, Internal factors which include; Lack of unity among members of the society, differentiation of ideologies . 6 It separates one from the loved ones. Birth and naming 2. Those who did not have were assisted to acquire property by the community. The anthropology of the Caribbean has been called "the battle ground for competing. The male head has control over children produced by the children of the group. v. They are also consulted in terms of crisis e.g. - Prayers are also offered to God for protection. Bantu Migrations Stateless Societies Bantu Societies did not depend on elaborate hierarchy of officials of a bureaucracy Governed through Kinship groups - extended families consisting of about 100 people. They are people who claim a common ancestry and are related by blood. - There is individual ownership of property. x. 6. Having so many people in this household should not be confused with other types of large families like, ..the joint family, with its several married brothers and their families living together or the extended family, consisting of a group of married off spring living in one household under a patriarch or matriarch.11 The Baganda are also patrilocal. There are physical (visible) causes of death and religious (invisible) causes. Most social scientists agree that kinship is based on two broad areas: birth and marriage; others say a third category of kinship involves social ties. among the Kisii, a person born crossing the river could be called Kwamboka. They feel a strong bond towards each other because they are tied by kinship relationships to one another. - They are kept company. Naming gives identity to a person before a child is given a name she or he is not considered as having full identity. 3. 6. It was used to bury the dead, the spirits were believed to dwell on land or below the ground. They also play the role of priests and pray for people. The Baganda use classificatory system of kinship terminology which seems common to virtually all the Bantu peoples of Central and Southern Africa. v. They are taught secrets of the society. A total of 68 linguistic terms of relationships are used by the Baganda.12, The Baganda have a very important aspect of the social or family structure; the consanguinal kin group or blood line which is a line of descent traced through the male members of the family or patri-sib. Schapera, Isaac., Married Life in an African Tribe. 3. Mitchell, J. 5. Elders iv. In addition, the women who have got gainful jobs seek more freedom in many aspects. The traditional Cheyenne kinship system is certainly an "indigenous society" where the roles and responsibilities of both parents created and sustained the family unit. Traditional kinship structures remain important in many First Nations communities today. This is brought by the following factors:- 1. They are regarded as honest. That is, kinship is a network of relationships in which each tie is influenced by, and in turn influences, the others. However the mode of dressing has seriously changed due to western influence. One-parent families headed by a woman for any reason are much poorer ($30,296 in 2008 median annual income) than those headed by a man ($44,358). The major reason cited is that with increasing modern influences, marrying more than one wife became an economic burden. Because of this wide spectrum, it is not possible to explore all aspects of the traditional African family. (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961) p.68. - Marriage brings completeness in a person. Edited by Arthur Phillips, London: Oxford University Press, 1953. East Lansing, Michigan State University, 1980, Unpublished M. A. Thesis. Other names can refer to place of birth e.g. It is a source of food for the people and the animals. After initiation one is now free to marry and has a right to inherit his fathers property. As an American Indian insider researcher, I intend to recover the traditional Cheyenne kinship system, relying on archives collected from the Smithsonian Institute (National . First, in succession and inheritance the man inherits his dead grandfather, maternal uncle, or brother. Western culture and education has really affected marriage. - Kinship ties also provide security to all concerned. Once somebody is married he got fully integrated to the society. Changing Family Patterns: Sub-Saharan Africa, in World Revolution and Family Patterns. Main factors which affect social change can be discussed a follows: 1. 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