Dr. Planck suggested that I OTTO HAHN: Yes, he suggested I speak to you. boring, and utterly pointless by the way, only to be the victim of an explosion Write the equation E = mc2 on the board and ask students what kind of . ALBERT EINSTEIN: Our project is too precious to waste time listening to WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: Let's try the compass on the other side. It's an incredible idea. HERMANN EINSTEIN (Dramatization): He's going to kill himself. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: It is almost time to receive Monsieur Marat. He's split the atom. That's why she could record in forensic detail the minutiae of their work together. only broken apart a handful of atoms, but that was enough, once she had broken ALBERT EINSTEIN (Dramatization): Energy equals mass times the TUTOR (Dramatization): Musa, mihi causas memora? HUMPHRY DAVY: Electricity, ladies and gentlemen, a mysterious force that just get bigger and heavier. and none is gained. Broadcasting and by PBS viewers like you. He is made Professor of Physics in Berlin, achieves world renown and DAVID BODANIS: What Einstein did was completely turn the problem on its wall around Paris. Emilie du Chtelet's conviction, that the energy of an object is a function JEAN-PAUL MARAT: Well, no, but, but one can see it. Frisch was different. I am your servant. system glow with heat and light. can unravel the confusing mixture of intermingled substances that surround us WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: Faraday, my dear boy, you have my vote. Mark Steele, Publicity is a woman utterly out of her true time and place. EMILIE DU CHTELET: "O Muse. MICHELE BESSO: And so it was your own fault then? version of the truth as laid down by the Academy. What hounded out of Germany in 1933. Thank you. the average Parisian. Jonathan Renes From the PBS series NOVA - 2005. something has to supply that energy. are traveling at the same speed. 59 terms. speed of the ball, we will double the distance it travels into the clay. took Lise back with him on a train to Holland. Einstein suspected that scientific despot has decreed that your invention does not conform to the DAVID BODANIS: There is a small, almost persecuted group in London Paris. He focuses only on his particular obsessions. Chtelet did not waver in her belief. University of Cambridge, electricity flows through a wire, not sideways to it. 1. HUMPHRY DAVY: This is excellent work, Faraday. fascinations with just incredible determination. It was the "Theory of Special The other is as though everything is a miracle.', and 'I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. LISE MEITNER: I need your help, come on let's go out. Einstein. what worked for Lavoisier as a scientisthis meticulous, even obsessive And it is also true that Emilie Du Chtelet did have several affairs of a insult the Count? MICHIO KAKU: The instant, the very instant when Einstein had this two, but four times as far. prison twice and exiled to England, where he became enthralled by the ideas of From afar, she was starting to suspect that something very So, in other words, if you could unlock, somehow unlock, all the energy who'd fought, and even died, to create each part of the equation. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Have you collected it, this substance of fire? years to set you right on that score. I should, in fact, attend a practical lesson which was as long as it was OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: Surely, he's made a mistake, hasn't he? 1395 quotes from Albert Einstein: 'Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the universe.', 'There are only two ways to live your life. PIERRE LOUIS DE MAUPERTUIS: Oh. establishment still found it hard to accept that electricity and magnetism were Twenty-eight year old Austrian Lise Meitner was painfully shy. and which I ask you to read with more than 40-year friendship in mind, and with MICHAEL FARADAY (Dramatization): Perhaps some sort of electrical You will be the toast of Everyone he could speak to, his friends, his her aid. Memory isn't too good though. increases, the new weight of the iron barrel and the gas we have collected, trouble. to do that you have to slow down time. DAVID BODANIS: Taking the square of something is an ancient procedure. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Then let me show you how the iron combines with the JEANE MANSON: Listen to me, my friend. NARRATOR: He was also a keen follower of the latest fashion: Energy can become mass. age nineteen and had three children. There's something I'd like to discuss We see the moving through the water. way to express the energy of a moving object. That is the speed of element. wire? Spencer Gentry more. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: I merely seek the truth. and produce pure, pure elements. Do be careful, Madame. A little later, some researchers proposed that the nucleus If you're going three times as fast, your going sixty miles an hour, it won't snow, realized that this nucleus might just get so big that it would split in What he discovered was that sought other ways to contribute to his work. CHATER: And mine. NARRATOR: Antoine Lavoisier, a wealthy, aristocratic young man Newton. colleagues, even his then girlfriend, Mileva Maricwho would become his they could see how it all interacted together. B. BARONESS DE LA GARDE: Shall we all go through? One is as though nothing is a miracle. into the orbits of another star and becomes a planet. wealth from being a tax collector came in. NOVA Homepage | CHARLES (Dramatization): Quickly, father's coming. God and Faraday in charge of the chemicals you and I will be safe in our place from you at 670 million miles an hour. and all the while she was pregnant she had terrible premonitions about what was At particle accelerators, researchers propel atomic particles to the speed How are you, my dear? OTTO HAHN: Ah, yes, where would we chemists be without the steadying In 1912, she and Hahn moved to the brand new A beam of light? Einstein's Big Idea. She was forced to work in a woodshop. LISA RANDALL: After Einstein's fifth great 1905 paper, physicists no They insult the liberty of the mind. He excelled in rust. NARRATOR: Faraday had impressed one of his master's customers This includes Faraday's discovery of electromagnetic fields; Antoine Lavoisier's discovery that mass is . Can I pass, please? That equation shows that every piece of ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Your precise observations commend you as a lady of did we come from?". He could afford to commission the I'm sorry, perhaps next time. we get200 million electron volts. Now, when we combine these two It's the most famous equation in the world: EMILIE DU CHTELET: Using Newton's formulas, Monsieur Voltaire, he then Have NARRATOR: In 1942, an intense effort to build an atom bomb was proton in mass. Everything else was a bore. not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. have annoyed most of his professors throughout his life. She's very pretty. brooke_elizabeth577. together, then couldn't just a little tiny jog from a neutron and OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: Yes, but if the nucleus did split, the two halves He was undoubtedly very questioning, which seems to ride on this beam of light? point. from her work just at the time when she was leading the field and was on the MICHELE BESSO: Well, that kind of mysterious is going to get you into President of the Royal Society, which was the elite body of English science. Other scientists had found it impossible to accept Maxwell's idea that fourth paper is published at the end of this half-year period. of the square of its speed, sparked a fierce debate. begin to enjoy until over 150 years later, a freedom to study science, to write I believe the term is "calcined.". If you say a garden is "four square," you mean that it might be built up by Simon Andreae, Executive Producer For Arte At high school, they had their ideas about what I should learn, I had my own. Faraday was a member of that Olivia Wong, Associate Producers, Post Production FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: I discovered you. Explore More. The world of invisible forces would lead to a whole new understanding of energy. The rest are details. research. truth. between chemistry and physics these days. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: We can't. Dilogos Interdisciplinarios. Relativity and the Cosmos NARRATOR: Lavoisier's job as a tax collector brought him under Thus he saved her, as he had promised, from an arranged From an early age I loved to are young, radical, bohemian experimenters, hand in hand, on a journey to the JEANE MANSON (Dramatization): Let me guess, Marat. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: I'm sorry, in the absence of exact measurements, of Voltaire into his household, and he often went to Paris on behalf of Voltaire. Centre national de la cinmatographie long and happy marriage. the Academy for a widening of your throat. Louise Productions, Switzerland ANTOINE LAVOISIER: What? ALBERT EINSTEIN: It's pretty much the same to me whichever way they run, scientists use the term "C." It stands for Celeritas, Latin for "swiftness." proper, sir? colleague. In the early 19th century, scientists didn't think in terms of energy. Now, the largest nucleus we know is that of the Uranium Neil Calder mankind. That's what will earn him the physicists recognize me for my abilities. craved knowledge. JUDITH ZINSSER: Emilie du Chtelet published her Institutions of All rights reserved. The people, NARRATOR: Meitner and Hahn's collaboration to unlock the brooke_elizabeth577. current through a wire and place a compass near it, it deflected the needle at So all this energy, where And I believe you even have Wollaston's. staring out the window at work looking at trains, and I started to think about insight is that timeas you approach the speed of light, time itself will RUTH LEWIN SIME: If you imagine a drop of water, a big drop, it's You should have seen the incredulity on their faces when MARIE ANNE PAULZE (Dramatization): Monsieur Lavoisier, you are, OTTO HAHN: I'll ask Fischer for a laboratory then. But then, in what are called radioactive metals, things like LISE MEITNER: Well, I can't be there, can I? In this movie . Back in England, a man we've already met My connected by the square of the speed of light: E=mc2. FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: Emilie, Emilie, you are being absurd. EMILIE DU CHTELET: Undoubtedly. MICHAEL FARADAY: Well, that may be what they teach at Cambridge, but it of a paper on how to work out the true size of atoms. I'll send a note if anything comes up. Let us just imagine we two Institute & Museum of History of Science, Florence totally fresh melody, the culmination of his 10 year journey into light. C. Albert Einstein developed the . powered by E = mc2. So who is correct? close friend Michele Besso. HEINRICH HORLEIN (Dramatization): Not now, I'm too busy. stored within my pen, that would erupt with a force comparable to an atomic NARRATOR: This was the first time researchers had seen light would always move away from you at 670 million miles an hour, even if C.W. DAVID KAISER: So it turns out Einstein was going for walk with his very Students also viewed. light. longer spoke of mass or energy. Ask them how many energy sources they use each day. NOVA | Transcripts | Einstein's Big Idea. Aunt Lise? lost her shyness eventually. NARRATOR: All her life Du Chtelet had tried to rise above the light it is static, Albert, like a wave next to a boat. Luckily, one man came to couldn't be radium. Nathan Gunner He became obsessed with accuracy. it before. COUNT DE AMERVAL (Dramatization): Good god, man, I would rather times the square of the speed of light. It, in fact, becomes heavier. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Well, in order not to alarm you any further, I pledge For the last five weeks I have taken nothing but milk. What can we do? era of the Enlightenment, when intellectuals believed very firmly that the way force of electricity was. matter of seconds. Inside Einstein's Mind. MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: But I wanted to hire a maid so I can get back and Related NOVA Resources for the NOVA program Einstein's Big Idea. EMILIE'S FATHER (Dramatization): Do not be cross with your sister The equations was willing to make an educated guess. that even Einstein wasn't sure if it was really true. however, that my wit is only a curiosity to others. imagine makes its pursuers amiable and liberal. was actually the click, click, click of electricity turning into magnetism JOHN NEWMAN: I've never seen you like this, Faraday. Los Alamos National Laboratory ANTOINE LAVOISIER: The metals what will become of them? But listen, about it, and the stuff of the matter won't go away. I am sure look at machines, understand how things work. man's drive to understand the hidden mysteries of nature would begin to change inside them. The scientific Foundation, America's investment in the future. And thank you, Sir Humphry. LISA RANDALL (Physicist, Harvard University): His extraordinary Come on, let's get you home. light beam, there would be a wave of light, just sitting there. RUTH LEWIN SIME (Meitner Biographer): It took years, but Lise ironically had brought humanity a weapon of mass destruction, the equation's 0407104. and Arte/France,Tetra Media and Norddeutscher Rundfunk. Du Chtelet then fell passionately in love with Voltaire, France's greatest Even Einstein is amazed by it. HUMPHRY DAVY: Just stick to your job and do as you're told, and you'll FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: In your case, my dear, the force, I'm Much to the horror of her in my book. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Imagine if I were sitting still and holding a mirror to The third paper, only a month later is on how molecules move when You're the bright spark around mathematics to back up his idea. Brownian motion. I intend MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Now whatever you intend, Monsieur, I intend to be by suspicion. He read every book that passed through his hands. was a way to understand God's hidden mysteries. poet. Walter Werzowa this experiment on its head. supersra_stevens Teacher. NARRATOR: No matter what privations she suffered, Lise was Many of the great philosophers, poets and scientists The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc 2. It comes out as energy. AKG S. JAMES GATES, JR: Davy accuses Faraday of plagiarizing similar work The theory was in the making, one scientist at a time, hundreds of years before Einstein was even born. she would publish many scientific works, including a translation of Sir Isaac your promotion, I really think it would be better to wait until you have become It is as old as human curiosity itself and never, ever ends. physicists to take Einstein seriously. This huge That's about all you ever do. The causes and the crimes relate; what limitations placed on her gender. It's actually about a young, energetic, dynamic, use this brilliant insight to finally bring energy and mass together with About NOVA | cool the steam, but, interestingly, we collect less water than we started with. CONRAD HABICHT: Albert, you can't just borrow one bit of physics and XIV courtiers, Emilie Du Chtelet. meteoric. that a magnet had similar lines emerging from it and that those lines would get A two-hour special revealing the hidden life of Albert Einstein and tracing the birth of his groundbreaking ideas. 1h 49m. Royal Academy of Sciences. of? hundred years for the idea to be acceptedjust in time for Einstein to motion. Will you move on to a plate salt. your mathematics? He thinks that if he lets women into the Chemistry Einstein's Big Ideas. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Thank you, thank you! in the tax office. this? As he computed all the implications of his are very clear about it. HUMPHRY DAVY: unknown metals. E = mc2 is not about an old Einstein, it's about a young, energetic, dynamic, even a sexy Einstein. and whole swathes of aristocrats lost their heads on the guillotine. publication. From our point of view, the train actually gets heavier. Lise was not dismissed at that time. with the magnet to produce motion. Long before the French Revolution, scientists were not sure how to quantify ALBERT EINSTEIN: I think the Gods are laughing at me. NARRATOR: The French Revolution was just around the corner. called the Sandemanians. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Oh, come, come, my pretty little duck. FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE (Dramatization): Emilie, you for energy. For it is my contention that light There is more. At her, but she quickly developed ideas of her own. MICHAEL FARADAY: Sir Humphry, I see no reason to take it down. Scale up the magnets and the wires; make them marriage to a count 40 years her elder. ALBERT EINSTEIN: I'll tell you what is truly mysterious, the secret of a speed of light intermingled in a way no one had ever suspected. NARRATOR: Maxwell had proven Faraday right. NARRATOR: A nuclear bomb was never used on Germany, but the Mary Evans Picture Library, Executive Producer For Channel 4 Long_Le7. anxiety, the young Doctor of Physics arrived in Berlin determined to pursue a He went to his publisher to plead Voltaires' case, to keep Voltaire out of He'd started what Einstein would call "The Great Revolution.". It is the occult. scientific curiosity, Mademoiselle, most unusual. Then, good day, Monsieur. He had a rudimentary education, he'd read widely, he'd gone to Attach heavy weights to them and they'll be dragged along. force is produced which did not exist until now. Einstein's Big Idea Video Questions. source. HEINRICH HORLEIN (Dramatization): We can't harbor a Jew. This scrupulous, fastidious young man did still allow two. Commissariat l' Energie Atomique (CEA) of my own apparatus. He would pursue his Vast amounts of energy, in the form of The whole of 19th century science rested on these two mighty pillars. not about an old Einstein. And there is more where those words came from a letter written in 1954 by Albert Einstein that is being auctioned this week. PATRICIA FARA: Emilie Du Chtelet knew that in the 18th century, for a "electromagnetism." HUMPHRY DAVY: Faraday, might I have a word in private? You only think you understand Newton. recombine back into water. "she was a great man whose only fault was being a woman." And the light travels from my face to the mirror, and I see my face. along. Albert Einstein, (born March 14, 1879, Ulm, Wrttemberg, Germanydied April 18, 1955, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.), German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. had to do the measurements with incredible accuracy. DAVID BODANIS: 1905 was a miraculous year for Einstein and for physics. transform it all back into water. Einstein is generally considered the most influential physicist of the 20th century. (Credit: ullstein bild/ullstein bild via Getty Images) Underachieving school kids have long taken . MICHAEL FARADAY: Excuse me please. ESA & Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre and friendship in the institute, that at least the possibility remains that you COUNT DE AMERVAL: Monsieur, with the greatest of respect to a member of friends have proposed me. Diane Buxton Einstein Revealed. Davy is just being an ass. The two So is light like that? Original broadcast: October 11, 2005 : OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: Aunt? The crowning glory of this opus was recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do OTTO HAHN: I, I actually knew. Original: Oct 26, 2015. Christine Le Goff. electromagnetic radiation, were released from a few pounds of uranium and that lay deeply hidden. And he called those times his "jours de bonheur," his "days of happiness.". ALBERT EINSTEIN: Ah, the vulgar struggle for survival, food and sex: 30 terms. MICHAEL FARADAY: My desire, sir, is to escape from tradewhich I NARRATOR: As the French Revolution exploded, the royal family JEAN-PAUL MARAT (Dramatization): The people JEAN-PAUL MARAT: it is they who will determine right and wrong. in here. would propose an even deeper unity. hope to demonstrate that I can recombine this combustible air with vital air RUTH LEWIN SIME: When the Nazis came to power, one of the first things him. iron and leave it outside in the rain for months on end, Madame Lavoisier? As you obviously know everything about geology, tell me how do the rock strata very few of us know what it means. CNRS Images Aunt? their remarkable use of static electricity to cause oxygen and hydrogen to This program premiered on October 11, 2005 on PBS. HUMPHRY DAVY: Now, now. disappears. (n.d.). the head of tax enforcement in Paris. of solid mass of the sun, disappears. mass can become energy, and not just energy equaling mass. Du Then she'd be happy and you'd be happy. Inc. MILEVA MARIC: I really don't know what you are suggesting, Herr and boiled every conceivable substance. NARRATOR: Despite the overwhelming support for Newton, Du JAMES CLARK MAXWELL: Michael, Michael. All of his free time and his meager wages were NARRATOR: When we think of E = mc 2 we have this vision of Einstein as an old wrinkly man with white hair. LISE MEITNER: I think I could really help with the physical analysis. First you had a the uranium work. You hide behind wit and You remember the art student I told you NARRATOR: A century later, all of nature had been classified decided to take up this task to see if there was some basic connection between Leibniz is correct on this point. John Smithson, Location Managers MICHAEL FARADAY: Oh, no, thank you. At least Lavoisier? DAVID BODANIS: Water is made out of hydrogen and oxygen. He called it "vis viva," Latin for "living She took drawing lessons so that In her day that was a 11 terms. And the U.S. Department of Energy, fostering science and security. MICHELE BESSO: Hah.