[1][2], Hollandia was situated on the east side of a headland separating Humboldt Bay to the east and Tanahmerah Bay, 25 miles (40km) to the west. Some of the research reports dealt with military and naval matters, such as No. 5, Bibliographic Subject Index for Enemy Publications 1-200 (November 30, 1944), with a supplementary index from 201-300 (March 1945); No. . Many of the captured documents provided significant intelligence to General Douglas MacArthurs forces in the SWPA. The three supporting U.S. cruisers and destroyers began their bombardment around 06:00, concentrating on targets around the entrance to Jautefa Bay and Hollandia. 92). For example, in the fall of 1944, Task Force Galahad, commanded by Brig. Beleaguered, the survivors of the Japanese garrison were evacuated by submarine on the night of 26 October. In November 1943, during Operation Galvanic, marines of the 2nd Marine Division captured important documents at Tarawa Atoll (Betio). This attack also destroyed 60 percent of all rations and ammunition that had been landed, and resulted in shortages amongst the infantry advancing towards the airfields. [11] For the same reasons, General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander Allied Forces South West Pacific Area was determined to hold it. Limited Distribution Reports were special reports, highly classified, consisting of translations of documents possessing information of the highest intelligence value or of immediate importance, issued from time to time as directed. [12], As an attack on Hollandia was not expected, no plans were prepared to defend the area prior to the Allied landing. [citation needed]. The Japanese occupied the village with an initial force of 1,500 on 21 July and by 22 August had 11,430 men under arms at Buna. The landings at Hollandia and Aitape were followed just four weeks later by landings at Wakde, Sarmi and Toem, to the west. At the Kempei Tai (Japanese Military Police) headquarters they found numerous lists of names and evidence of collaboration and disloyalty to the Philippines and the United States. As a result, code breaking was the main source of intelligence. On November 4th, a Japanese 16th Division Operations Order, dated October 31st, was captured. 9, Japanese-English Medical Dictionary; No. Also that summer, the 441st CIC unit established a clinical laboratory, which, among other things, restored charred documents. 67 (Japanese Warships and Merchant Vessels Sunk, Damaged or not Previously Listed); No. Capturing it would both neutralize the Allies' principal forward base and serve as a springboard for a possible invasion of Australia. Later, the procedure was altered again to cope with the tons of documents captured at main Japanese bases. During the initial phase in early 1942, the Empire of Japan invaded the Australian-administered Mandated Territory of New Guinea (23 January) and the Australian Territory of Papua (21 July) and overran western New Guinea (beginning 29/30 March), which was a part of the Netherlands East Indies. At the Quebec Conference in August 1943, the leaders of the Allied nations agreed to this change in strategy focusing on neutralizing Rabaul rather than capturing it.[50]. Red 2 beach was found to be highly unsuitable and the promised roads were non-existent. Document numbers and a brief description including authority, title, date, area of reference and similar essential data were set forth under seventeen headings, such as 1) Diaries, Field; 5) Letters, Postcards; and 16) Technical Documents. Pre-landing reconnaissance efforts were hampered by the destruction of the Australian scouting party that was landed in the area by submarine in late March, and the reality of the terrain was only discovered through aerial intelligence that arrived too late. Late in the summer, Lieut. Also captured on January 19th was a radio chart that was used by I Corps Signal officers to gain highly satisfactory results in the monitoring of Japanese radio communications. It began with the easy Japanese conquest of most of the north coast of the massive island. 25 with Anti-Japanese activities in Java; and No. He was thrown into his own jail.[15]. Intelligence gained from breaking the codes protecting Imperial Japanese Army radio messages led the Allies to learn that the Hollandia area was only lightly defended, with Japanese forces being concentrated in the Madang-Wewak region. On 17 September, the Japanese had reached the village of Ioribaiwa, just 30 kilometres (20mi) from the Allied airdrome at Port Moresby. During the second phase, lasting from late 1942 until the Japanese surrender, the Alliesconsisting primarily of Australian forcescleared the Japanese first from Papua, then the Mandate and finally from the Dutch colony. In September 1945 they seized in Singapore important documentary evidence of war crimes, including photographs showing captured Indian soldiers being executed for refusing to join with Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army. This attack, which was designated Operation Cockpit, aimed to prevent the Japanese from transferring air units stationed near Singapore to New Guinea. A force of 800 Australian troops landed on 22 October on either side of the Japanese position. Japanese plans to occupy Port Moresby were negated by losses during the Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Milne Bay. The PTs turned their guns on, and hurled depth charges at the three boats which, with over a hundred men on board, sank. portalId: 20973928, Actual Allied losses amounted to one destroyer, one oiler, one corvette, two cargo ships and approximately 25 aircraft. After the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, in March 1943, an abandoned lifeboat at Goodenough Island (northeast of New Guinea) from the Teiyo Maru was recovered and found in it was The Japanese Army List, dated October 15, 1942. On 5 March, Imperial General Headquarters by Navy . Base ATIS was closed at Brisbane on June 4, 1945, and established several weeks later in Manila. MacArthur, with a firm foothold in New Guinea, was determined to move next to the Philippines, from which he had been driven after Pearl Harbor, and from there launch the final attack on the Japanese home islands. In the early months of 1944, both at Bougainville and at Rabaul, large numbers of Japanese troops were effectively put out of action without being confronted in bloody combat. While captured records were quickly evaluated in the field, almost all were eventually sent back to Hawaii, and some of those on to the Washington Document Center in Washington, D.C.[12] Although JICPOA was a major player in the captured documents intelligence business, it was ATIS, however, during the war years that handled the most documents. It was occupied by the invading Japanese during the invasion of the Dutch East Indies in 1942 and became a base for their expansion to the east towards the Australian mandated territories of Papua New Guinea. The Z Plan [issued as Admiral Kogas Combined Fleet Secret Operations Order No. As a result, a system of thorough Screening, i.e., the rapid examination of documents and the extraction (partial translations) therefrom of the more important material only, was given added prominence. [9] The documents were quickly brought back to Hawaii. It included excerpts from Japanese captured documents on their research and use of bacterial warfare. By the time the Allied bombers and PT boats finished their work on 3 March, Kimura had lost all eight transports and four of his eight destroyers. Over 170 were published, including many extracts from diaries and notebooks. These documents, contrary to American intelligence, indicated that the Japanese were strongly entrenched on Parry and Eniwetok islands. The campaign between Allied and Japanese forces commenced with the Japanese assault on Rabaul on 23 January 1942. [1] Among them were the Southeast Asia Translation and Interrogation Center (SEATIC)[2]; the Sino Translation and Interrogation Center (SINTIC)[3]; and, the Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA). [43] The facilities in the area were designated Base G. Several higher headquarters were moved to the area, including those of the Sixth Army, Eighth Army, Fifth Air Force, and Seventh Fleet. Captured and sunken Japanese ships and boats also provided large quantities of documents, many of immediate value. Singapore, the Dutch East Indies and New Guinea had already fallen, and all of Australia's security hopes premised upon Britain's Fortress Singapore ideology had collapsed. To the invaders from Japan, and the occupiers from Australia and the United States, however, New Guineans appeared as colonial subjects at best, and as slaves at worst. Written orders including route, objective of raid, and extent to which enemy intended to rely on these new tactics were also included. Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter, who later became the director of the Central Intelligence Agency. To ensure that all involved in captured records activities had an appreciation for records and information, the Allied Translation and Interpreter Section (ATIS) (Southwest Pacific Area [SWPA]) published, at the specific direction of the War Department, Publication No. [8] ICPOAs first officer in charge was Cmdr. In addition, about 5,400 survivors of the Japanese defeat at Buna-Gona were moved into the Lae-Salamaua area. CIC personnel were constantly engaged in providing lectures to soldiers about the importance of captured Japanese documents. Their scheme of conquest envisaged control of the Aleutians, Midway, Fiji and Samoa, New Britain, eastern New Guinea, points in the [2] The Battle of Hollandia (code-named Operation Reckless) was an engagement between Allies of World War II and Japanese forces during World War II. In many instances these organizations were staffed with translators trained in military and naval language schools in the United States. Documents recovered from the bodies of dead Japanese, members of a Special Suicide Penetration Unit, killed near San Fabian, Luzon, on January 19, 1945, gave full accounts of the units and personnel involved. [5] The first Nisei linguists were tested when the Marines invaded Guadalcanal on August 7, 1942 and flew prisoners of war and captured Japanese documents were sent a short distance away to New Caledonia for processing by the Nisei language team attached to Task Force 6814. 4, Bibliographic Index used for all ATIS publications; No. MacArthur's rollback began with the 16 November 1942 22 January 1943 Battle of Buna-Gona. [41] After rehearsals and loading, on 16 to 18 April the amphibious forces sailed from their bases at Finschafen and Goodenough Island; they joined up with other ships carrying troops bound for Aitape from Seeadler Harbour and then rendezvoused with the escort aircraft carriers providing air cover off Manus Island early on 20 April. It was recognized that before an invasion of the Japanese home islands became possible it would be necessary to undertake extensive aerial bombardment of the islands and cut Japans lines of communications to the Dutch East Indies and Malaya. Allied casualties amounted to 157 killed and 1,057 wounded. In early April 1943, a Japanese map was captured showing hidden positions of 87 barges at Labu, New Guinea. For this, he ordered the air arm of Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa's Third Fleet carriers to reinforce the Eleventh Air Fleet at Rabaul. [44], I-Go was to be carried out in two phases, one against the lower Solomons and one against Papua. U.S. Army Air Forces, Pacific Ocean Area (except the B-29s) were placed under Lieut. Once the war ended, Southeast Asia Command Field Security Sections were assigned to seize records that, among other things, could be used for the prosecution of war criminals. The majority of the Allied force was provided by the United States, with the bulk of two United States Army infantry divisions being committed on the ground. Australian ground units operated under Gen. Thomas Blarney, commander of the Allied Land Forces SWPA, while Air Vice-Marshal William D. Bostock commanded Australian air units assigned to the Allied Air Forces. The students were mostly second-generation Japanese-Americans (Nisei) from the West Coast. By the end of the day on 23 April the 186th Infantry were about halfway to Lake Sentani, while those from the 162nd had secured Hollandia and were securing the high ground around their objective, winkling out isolated pockets of resistance with aerial support. I want you to take Buna, or not come back alive. They totaled 104 in number. When the first thirty-five prisoners of war arrived in June 1942, after the Battle of Midway, Japanese interrogators had to be borrowed from other activities. Some claim that 97% of Japanese deaths were from non-combat causes. They were prepared and distributed as a result of a specific need, and represented a form of publication for matters outside the usual range of translations and reports. Over the course of an hour, this feature, dubbed Pancake Hill, was captured with only minimal opposition. [24] A gradual improvement in their numbers and skill forced the Japanese bombers up to higher altitude, where they were less accurate, and then, in August, to raiding by night. [9] See Seventy Years Ago: The Makin Island Raid, August 1942., [10] The Armys Counter Intelligence Corps faced similar problems with souvenir hunters. [6] The Joint Chiefs of Staff also directed the United States Pacific Fleet to assign aircraft carriers to provide air support for the landings. The survivors were rescued by local villagers and handed over to Lieutenant Colonel Jim Cushing, US Army, the leader of the Philippine Guerrillas. Accordingly, the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, directed on September 22, 1944, that Advanced Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ADVATIS) be established in the immediate vicinity of General Headquarters at Hollandia. On April 29, 1944, ATIS Research Report No. Opposition on the ground at Hollandia was negligible and within four days the two divisions had secured inland Japanese airfields. Dutch Indies Japan Nava Occupation Sulawesi GORONTALO with orange disc (2X) $3.25 . It was occupied by the Japanese during their invasion of the Dutch East Indies in 1942, who planned to use it as a base for their expansion towards the Australian mandated territories of Papua and New Guinea. [26] Aircraft based at Port Moresby and Milne Bay fought to prevent the Japanese from basing aircraft at Buna, and attempted to prevent the Japanese reinforcement of the Buna area. All of these factors had to be taken into account in determining the lines of advance in 1944. The Japanese defended Biak valiantly, even managing at one point to bring in 1,100 reinforcements, but they were finally overcome in early August. [45], "At 1400 the Russell Island radar screen became milky with traces of bogeys and Guadalcanal broadcast "Condition Red," followed shortly by an unprecedented "Condition Very Red. [13] See Seventy Years Ago: Colonel Sidney F. Mashbir and the Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS), September-October 1942.. This bombardment was augmented with air strikes from carrier-borne aircraft, while two destroyer-minesweepers, Long and Hogan, swept the bay ahead of the main landing force. It was later thought that 3000 troops from the 6th Sea Detachment were in the area, and reinforcements were being rapidly transferred there. [8] At the start of 1943, ICPOA was basically dealing with intercepted messages because not that many prisoners of war or documents had been captured. By 1944 the school had outgrown these facilities and moved to nearby Fort Snelling. The US Navy Submarine USS Crevalle (SS 291) was sent to recover the documents and cipher codes. The U.S. built Naval Base Morotai, . Lieut. This material was translated by ATIS in May 1945 and provided Allied naval commanders with immediate intelligence regarding a variety of topics. They included: No. As in most Pacific War campaigns, disease and starvation claimed more Japanese lives than enemy action. 255) Procedure in interrogating and handling [Allied] prisoners of war. Over 420 of these were published. Advancing on Australia The Japanese effort at the start of World War Two was focused on conquest. When Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, was captured in late April one of the first places CIC agents seized was the post office. After the Japanese invasion of New Guinea the Americans, aided by Australian troops, organized a series of landings and other offensive actions against the Japanese in New Guinea. This contest produced a number of valuable documents and propaganda leaflets. The most important find was a set of plans and specifications for some of the defenses encountered on the island. In February 1944, marines and soldiers from the 27th Infantry Division captured important documents at Engebi Island. ATIS received and translated in April 1944 the diary of prisoner of war Hiroshi Horikoshi, a civilian employee (interpreter) with the Japanese 14th Army, who was captured at the same time. After the cessation of hostilities, the War Crimes Echelon, a separate part of ATIS, was established. Gen. Frank D. Merrill, captured 2 tons of documents at Myitkyina, Burma. Historians acknowledge that the deciphering of the Z Plan was one of the greatest single intelligence feats of the war in the South West Pacific Area. Adachi's decision may have been motivated by a belief that Hansa Bay would be the target of the next Allied amphibious landing and that he could reinforce Hollandia at a later date. Philippine Series Bulletins represented special reports of items pertaining to the Philippine Islands. In the second half of 1943 the main Allied concern in the south Pacific was the major Japanese base at . [14], Operation Mo was the designation given by the Japanese to their initial plan to take possession of Port Moresby. This bombing operation was also the moment in the New Guinea campaign when Japanese air power no longer threatened the Allies. The New Guinea campaign of the Pacific War lasted from January 1942 until the end of the war in August 1945. Coming from battle fields, crashed aircraft, graves, sunken ships and foxholes, many of them torn, defaced, water-soaked, soiled and charred, making them difficult or impossible to read. The landings took place at dawn on 22 April after a supporting naval bombardment at each site. In early January 1943, Japanese documents taken from the body of a sniper killed near Soputa, New Guinea, revealed the entire standing operating procedure of the Japanese in that area. ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 60, planes and PTs went about the sickening business of killing survivors in boats, rafts or wreckage. The whole northern coast of the island was now in Allied hands and airfields from which bombers could strike the southern Philippines were soon in operation. This deception effort proved successful. The battle was an unqualified success for the Allied forces, resulting in a withdrawal by the Japanese to a new strategic defense line in the west of New Guinea and the abandonment of all positions in the east of the island. However, using 27 tons, at 40 lbs. He had planned to move first to Hansa Bay, but with airfields operational in the Admiralty Islands, the Hansa Bay assault was deemed unnecessary. 'We are repeating the failure of Guadalcanal. New Guinean porters carry a load through the jungle. The forces of the Southwest Pacific Area were ready to move on to the Philippines. The landings were undertaken simultaneously with the amphibious invasion of Aitape ("Operation Persecution") to the east. In the final days of March, the Fast Carrier Force (Task Force 58) attacked Japanese airbases on Palau and islands in the Carolines. There was also a small airstrip.To the west, the Cyclops Mountains rise to over 7000 feet (2100 m). See Appendix I for information about the ATIS publication program. German New Guinea Stamps, Dutch Dutch & Colonies Cover Stamps, Dutch Stamps, The destroyer Yayoi, sent to recover these men, was itself bombed and sunk on 11 September. The Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA), had its origins in the Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (ICPOA) which had been established on July 14, 1942 in Hawaii as Admiral Chester W. Nimitz intelligence center. The publication was intended as a manual for the training and indoctrination of intelligence personnel and as a reference book for the exploitation of intelligence documents. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. Fortunately, one American officer wrote in 1944, the enemy as a nation is addicted to keeping diaries, and converting everything into writing.. [4][32] The shortage of shipping meant that each ship had to be loaded as efficiently as possible, using a technique known as combat loading to ensure that the most important stores and equipment could be unloaded quickly. The gunners got a lot of practice; Port Moresby suffered its 78th raid on 17 August 1942. The headland was formed by the Cyclops Mountains, a mountain ridge rising steeply to 7,000 feet (2,100m) and was backed by Lake Sentani, extending 15 miles (24km) east to west. Classes began November 1, 1941, with four instructors and 60 students in an abandoned airplane hangar at Crissy Field. In May 1945 ADVATIS followed the advance of General Headquarters into Manila. Interrogation of a prisoner confirmed the fact that supplies were being unloaded at Lae from enemy submarines. White 1 would be the main landing, as it provided the only spot where the larger LSTs could land, while White 2 would be secured with smaller LVTs and DUKWs, which would be used to cross the shallow entrance to Jautefa Bay. [16] That summer a Document Restoration Sub-Section, staffed by six WACs (Womens Army Corps), including one officer, was established. The Allied reduction of Rabaul was only made possible by relentless air strikes that took place day after day, but Yamamoto thought the damage inflicted by a few attacks of large formations would derail Allied plans long enough for Japan to prepare a defense in depth. 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