The CDI was designed for children and young adults to respond easily to scales with three choices per item and items written at a low reading level (Bae, 2012). Results have consistently shown good internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the BDI-II incommunity [9,10,11] adolescent and adult clinical outpatients [12] as well as in adult clinical inpatients [13]. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(2), 334-340. Their findings replicate what has been found in Canadian, Swedish, and Bulgarian non-clinical adolescents, but are different from factor analyses conducted with inpatient and outpatient adolescents in the United States. The total score (ranging . These are clearly affected by the person, the person's world and the future. [35] did not find confirmatory evidence for bifactor models but, instead, they found that a three-factor model consisting of affective, cognitive and somatic factors provided better fit to data in clinical and non-clinical samples. Fourth, it has been suggested that bifactor models are more robust to model misspecification (e.g., substantive cross-loadings) than multidimensional or hierarchical CFA models [64] which may result in bias in favor of bifactor models and, consequently, to explain why such measurement models outperform conventional CFA models. Enhanced priming for trauma-related material in posttraumatic stress disorder. Comparison of two self-evaluation scales and clinical assessment with a structured questionnaire. The first revision occurred in 1979, also popularized as BDI-I A, differs from the . So far, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) has become one of the most widely used measures to assess depressive symptoms and their severity in adolescents and adults [4]. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a bifactor model with a general depression factor and three specific factors consisting of cognitive, affective and somatic showed the best fit to the data. The BDI can also be used to monitor the course of treatment. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression [6]. To the extent that depression symptoms and inner experience may differ across cultural backgrounds [42], findings cannot be generalized. . Similarly, McElroy et al. Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennel, M. (2005). 2016;28(11):1354-1367. doi:10.1037/pas0000275, Dere J, Watters CA, Yu SC, Bagby RM, Ryder AG, Harkness KL. Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. What Is the Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale? Completion Time:: 5 to 10 minutes; self-administered or verbally by a trained administrator. Measurement invariance is a prerequisite for considering the BDI equivalent across versions, and for using it to make valid . 7. http://www.who.int/mental_health/dominican_republic_who_aims_spanish.pdf. Dictionary . Furlanetto, L.M., Mendlowicz, M.V., & Bueno, J.R. (2005). (2005). Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with college students of diverse ethnicity. The BDI was developed by Aaron T. Beck and Colleagues in 1961 and he believed that negative cognitive . Indeed, Hunt et al [63] demonstrated that subjects who administered a manipulated version of BDI-II in which the purpose was disguised and the content was padded with items that not tap depression symptoms, scored significantly higher than subjects who completed the original scale. It also differentiates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in . Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression, Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review, Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents, Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Vegetative symptoms (refers to changes in sleep patterns, and appetite). Results showed that a bifactor model with a general depression factor and three specific factors consisting of cognitive, affective, and somatic factors provided the best fit to data. Al-Musawi, N.M. (2001). A total score of 0 to 7 points indicates minimal anxiety, 8 to 15 points mild, 16 to 25 points moderate, and 26 to 63 points severe anxiety symptoms. In these models, an orthogonal general factor called depression was tested along with the specific proposed factors. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190(2), 94-99. The test-retest and internal consistency data have been replicated in numerous studies, including adults and adolescents, with similar findings. 1 I feel sad 2 I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it. The revised BDI, known as the BDI-II, is the most widely used version of the questionnaire. Effectiveness of Beck Depression Inventory-II subscales in screening for major depressive disorders in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. The internal consistency of the BDI-II was 0.9, which means that the items on the questionnaire relate to each other and measure the same construct. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-1A, BDI-II), created by Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used psychometric tests for measuring the severity of depression.Its development marked a shift among mental health professionals, who had until then, viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted in the . Can be administered with the BDI-II and the BHS for a more complete evaluation. How do they differ and what does this mean for depression research? In particular, it would be worthwhile to further examine the capacity of BDI-II scores to discriminate between depressed and non-depressed subjects. The other pro is that it also consists of high content validity. Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) On the other hand, values lower than .06 for the RMSEA are considered optimal and lower than .08 are considered acceptable. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750, Editor: Chung-Ying Lin, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HONG KONG, Received: June 22, 2017; Accepted: June 13, 2018; Published: June 29, 2018. As expected, statistically significant differences were observed with higher averages in the hospital sample. It takes approximately 10 minutes to complete, although clients require a fifth-sixth-grade reading level to adequately understand the questions. Introduction to the Beck Depression Inventory II. 808 certified writers online. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . Raw scores of 0 to 13 indicates minimal depression, 14 to 19 indicates mild depression, 20 to 28 indicates moderate depression, and 29 to 63 indicates severe depression. What Is the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale? The mean age was 37.20 (SD=15.91). Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents. References. It contains 21 items, and a patient has to rate them all on a scale to help the doctor assess his medical condition. Criterion-based validity have also shown acceptable sensitivity and specificity of the BDI-II for detecting depression, supporting its clinical utility as an aid measure for diagnostic purposes [2,14,15]. Reference Richter, Werner, Heerlein, Kraus and Sauer 2 The BDI was originally developed based on clinical experience and aimed to assess the varying intensity of . Cognitions (such as guilt or feelings of being punished) Physical symptoms (such as fatigue, weight loss, and lack of interest in sex). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. In addition, the internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's statistic, and validity evidence was provided by comparing the BDI-II scores of the general population and the hospital population; to do so, successive Student's t tests were carried out for independent samples applying a HolmBonferroni adjustment to control for Type 1 error. The Beck Depression Inventory BDI is a 21-question, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression. (2002). The BDI-II has been referenced in 586 publications in peer-reviewed journal articles. Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. Conceptualization, This is perhaps better expressed in terms of average factorial loads, where a greater influence on general factor items (average = .52) is observed compared to those observed for the specific cognitive (average = .26), affective (average = .23) and somatic (average = .24) factors. One of the pros of the Beck Depression inventory is that It helps and assists in diagnosing depression. Moreover, despite that cultural convergence is being accelerated due to increased globalization [39] and that major depression has been reported worldwide [40] there are considerable cross-cultural differences in the symptomatology of depression [41]. Cardemil, Kim, Pinedo, & Miller (2005) found high internal consistence (alpha was .90-.92) and change in scores over the course of treatment for both English- and Spanish-speaking Latina women from a predominantly low-income sample. They found good internal consistency and factoral validity, with factor analysis identifying a general dimension of depression and two related factors, cognitive-affective and somatic-motivational, similar to the factor structure reported in the BDI-II manual. The BDI-II [5] is a 21-item self-report measure that taps major depression symptoms according to diagnostic criteria listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders [6]. Since the test construction in 1961, the test has been employed in numerous (more than 2,000) empirical studies. Pontificia Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, Affiliation As a whole, these indices allow us to conclude in favor of the existence of an orthogonal general depression factor that substantially explains the variability in the items. . The Beck Depression Inventory is scored on which scale of measurement? Although they used the original BDI in this study, they suggested that results would generalize to the BDI-II given the overlap between the two. Addressing this issue may have not only practical implications (i.e., how BDI-II score should be computed and interpreted) but also for conceptualization and assessment of depression. Scoring The Beck Depression Inventory. Validity and Reliability. Bilingual participants completed both English and Spanish versions, with comparable scores across language administrations. Yes Differential item functioning in a Spanish translation of the Beck Depression Inventory. Some items on the BDI have more than one statement marked with the same score. Legal Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition and Criminological Psychology, 7, 187-201. The scale can be divided into 2 subscales . Factor structure, concurrent validity, and internal consistency of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition in a sample of college students. Convergent validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale in psychiatric inpatients. Please contact the author of the questionnaire for use permissions. Carmody (2005) examined the psychometrics of the BDI-II with a diverse group of college students. (2005). Beck's Depression Inventory This depression inventory can be self-scored. Although the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory are two of the most widely used instruments for assessing depressive and anxious symptoms in both clinical and nonclinical populations, their cross-cultural reliability and validity have yet to be fully established. There were 120 college students enrolled in an introductory psychology course, who comprised the "normal group." Background: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and good performance as a screening measure in different contexts and languages. According to the World Health Organization [3] depression is the leading cause of years lived with disability (YLD), and the most prevalent disorder among serious psychiatric disorders in primary care setting. Psychiatry Research, 110, 291-299. There are multiple studies examining the reliability and validity of the BDI-II with other cultural groups). Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). 2020;10(1):108. It has been utilized both in clinical and research purposes with high reliability and validity as it is evidenced . Sprinkle, S.D., Lurie, D., Insko, S.L., Atkinson, G., Jones, G.L., Logan, A.R., & Bissada, N.N. Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: the BDI-II versus the BDI-IA. The inventory contains 21 self-report items which individuals complete using multiple choice response formats. Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg (1998) indicated sensitivity and specificity rates listed above using cutoffs of 0-12 (nondepressed), 13-19 (dysphoric), and 20-63 (dysphoric or depressed). Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 59(2), 127-134. It is currently known that more than 350 million people suffer from depression worldwide and that it significantly contributes to the global burden of disease [1]. No, Is the Subject Area "Diagnostic medicine" applicable to this article? Universidad Nacional d Crdoba, Crdoba, Argentina. Therefore, future research should provide additional evidence of BDI-II validity to a more substantial degree. Keep track of your depression. (2001). The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) measures and assesses the intensity of physical and cognitive anxiety symptoms during the past month. Feelings like guilt, loneliness, and fear can make a serious impact on a person's ability to feel hopeful and happy. Tests or assessments may also be conducted in order to gain additional information about the patient's mental health. Secondly, to examine the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Dominican Republic. If you have previously been diagnosed with depression, the Beck Depression Inventory can be used on a weekly basis to check on your progress, especially if you have begun therapy and started taking medications. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. Since Mardias kurtosis multivariate coefficient was 338.70 thus indicating a significant deviation from multivariate normality according to benchmarks [47]the Asymptotic Distribution-Free method was used for model estimation. You will need to add up the score reported for each of the 21 questions ranging from zero to three. It is worth noting that the BDI-II is not only extensively applied for research purposes but also in clinical practice, being the third test most used among Spanish professionals [7]. The scoring scale is at the end of the questionnaire. However, comparison of its structure across countries and languages remains understudied. The PHQ-9 is the nine item depression scale of the patient health questionnaire. The 21-item BDI was built by Beck and colleagues in 1961 at the Center for Cognitive Therapy (Beck et al., 1961) for use in cognitive psychotherapy to rate the presence of depression-related cognitive distortion.The original version has received several reformulations to improve clinical and research needs. PLoS ONE 13(6): Internal reliability was moderate to high for all subscales and for the total scale. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Thus, further research is needed into the latent structure of BDI-II. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11(2), 99-112. There are many resources available to help you. Items receiving low Specificity ratings included item 11 (Agitation), item 19 (Concentration Difficulty), and item 21 (Loss of Interest in Sex). We typically use the BDI-II. Validating the Beck Depression Inventory-II for Hong Kong community adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 86(1), 87-91. Although the measure can be used for adolescents, the norms were gathered with adults. Today, BDI is considered one of the vital . In general, neither the unidimensional model nor the one, two and three factor models reached acceptable fit indices. Consistent with previous research conducted by Beck, they identified 2 first-order factors (somatic and cognitive) and one second-order factor (depression). treatment [3,5]. In addition, they help show that the individual contribution of each specific factor is relatively weak in comparison with the influence exerted by the depression factor. Its development marked a shift among health care professionals, who had until then viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted in the patients own thoughts. It has also been used in numerous treatment outcome studies and in numerous studies with trauma-exposed individuals. The funder had no role in the design of the study, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. If you are looking for a quick and easy way to take the Beck Depression Inventory or if you are a doctor looking to give it to your patients, there are a few versions available: It is important to note that the official BDI is copyrighted and available on Pearson's website. 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